Boris Epstein
Politics • Art • Science & Tech
The onion, or spherical, model of knowledge
What is knowledge? How can we model it?
June 29, 2023

onion-5187140_1280.jpg
Onion
Image: WebTechExperts/Pixabay

Note: This is an opinion piece. No references will be provided.

What is knowledge?

We all have our senses. At least most of us do. We all have functional brains. At least most of us do. So we all see, hear, smell, touch something 24 hours a day. So our senses collect data points for us 24 hours a day, visual, audial, tactile. That is the data entering our nervous system of which our brains are central units.

However, we are all different in our abilities to collate those data points and make sense of them. And it is the patterns that we discern in that ocean of data that becomes knowledge. Usually, we don't take this journey on our own. This is where training and education comes into play. Yet even with those resources available to us the outcomes are disparate, sometimes drastically so. So in short, we all get data but we are far from equal in opportunities availed to us to convert that data into knowledge, or in our ability to do so even when it is all but served to us.

Why would that be?

Natural intelligence

Intelligence is a measure of our ability to sort and make sense of data we collect. We can argue about what part of it is something we are born with but some part certainly is innate. There are people who just "get it" immediately even when subject matter requires considerable thought and effort on the part of most everybody else. They are an exception. But then there is the bulk of us whose intelligence, while average, is also quite considerable. Or at least has a potential of being substantial if properly nurtured.

So natural intelligence is certainly a real thing. But is it the only component of intelligence? Based by all available evidence, it is not; it may not be the most significant component.

Development of intelligence

A child starts developing intelligence from birth, if not prenatally. The data enters a child's brain by way of external stimulation. Obviously, the cardinal role in that process is played by the adults in hat child's life. And this is what forms the child's personality and intelligence.

Education is part of that process, too. So the child is a product of their environment, to a large degree.

Starting at a certain point the child is mature enough to engage in intellectual self-training, which, much like physical self-training, also contributes to the child's development. And this is where the most important distinctions happen.

Where do we all start?

The childhood is where it all begins. We are born with little but some genetic predilections, instincts and reflexes. Then we start the training process. It consists of experiencing everything. Our individual cells are designed to adapt to changing conditions and naturally so is our central nervous system, And, of course, social and educational inputs shape us too.

Now place yourself at the center of the onion and imagine that this is the womb you are in as a fetus. Your ability to have learning, or training, experiences is at that point limited to the very small inner sphere you are in. But that is only the start.

Where to from there?

If all goes well, eventually you are born and go on with your development.You get an exposure to what is outside he innermost sphere at that point. And you start your journey towards more knowledge and, potentially, higher intelligence.

How you proceed is to some degree determined by your genetics, to some degree by your circumstances and to some degree by your own preferences and choices. Any normal development requires moving a few layers out. You learn to walk, talk, socialize. If you don't, due to some sort of physical, mental or psychological disability, for example, you don't really get to join the society in a meaningful way and end up disabled for life. While this article is, for he most part, a discussion concerning functional members of society, it is worth mentioning well-documented examples of "feral children", i.e., children growing up raised by animals or in other environments where they were deprived of human interaction. These children in most if not all cases never learn how to become functional members of society. In fact, those children sometimes never even learn to speak a human language. So yes, we are all products of our childhood, at least to some degree.

A child learns everything, from what to explore to what to avoid. So they can be forced into abandoning their natural curiousity. And this happens often, especially in cult-like, disciplinarian environment. For example, in the Middle Ages (or Dark Ages, as they are sometimes called) questioning the religious dogma was a taboo so strict you were told not to question it, and most people never dared to. So they forced themselves not to try to explore their knowledge beyond the sphere they were told to stay within.

Idiot's illusion of full knowledge

Think of yourself as a worm originating in the center of the onion. You may make your way out, or you may end up staying somewhere in the inner spheres. Every sphere on your way out is larger than the ones closer to the center. If you never make your way far out you may end up exploring the spheres you have reached quite thoroughly but you are still at that point not aware that all the world outside even exists. And that gives you an illusion that you know all there is to know. I am sure you have met people like that - those who know well the niche hey occupy, the trade they do, the subject they have studied - and believe they know all there is to know. But they are simply ignorant of he whole huge realm outside of the sphere they have reached.

What does all that truly mean?

I can only give you my perspective. I think people who present themselves as omniscient are just ignorant people who have never made it far out of the center of the onion. I think most who have actually made it relatively far out tend to realize limitations of their knowledge and wisdom. I think if you have a brain it is in your long term interest to seek your way out as far and as much as you can.

But this is just my perspective, As for you - I, once again, suggest you do your own research, use your own brain and reach your own conclusions.

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September 12, 2023
Curious details emerge about the deadly Maui fire
Lahaina fire: what made is so deadly?

2023_Maui_fires_-_Lahaina_damage_via_Coast_Guard.jpgLahaina, Hawaii fire
8 August 2023
Image: US Coast Guard/Wikipedia

On 8 August 2023 a vicious fire had swept across the town of Lahaina located on the island Maui in the US state and island archipelago of Hawaii. Unusually windy weather had started a series of fires on Maui in early August but the Lahaina fire was the worst episode in this sequence on events. As of 2 September, 385 people were officially believed to have died in the fire. This makes the fire the deadliest in the US in over 100 years.

The fire occurred under unusual weather conditions. A cyclone out in the ocean had brought winds gusting up to 80 mph (35 m/s) to the area. Meanwhile, a dry spell had created unusually dry conditions to an area that is generally rather dry due to local climatic conditions.

The fire stared in a residential neighborhood about a mile and a half (about 2.5 km) north of the city center. The initial cause is unclear - some sources believe it was a spark flying off of electrical wire from a utility pole downed by high winds, while others speculate the fire ad a different origin. Before long, the fire had swept through the historic center of own bringing with it the death of hundreds and near complete annihilation of the town.

Some remarkable issues had been brought to the by the fire. For one thing, the water supply system, partially consisting of above ground pipes nearly collapsed rending the firefighters near powerless to fight the blaze as it was gaining strength. The high winds had made it impossible to use water-carrying aircraft to aid in the effort. But, even before the fire had grown to the size where a massive effort was required, firefighters responding to the initial small fire had abandoned it to respond to other fires in the area as they had considered the small blaze in the area "contained".

A number of factors had contributed to the problem - issues that were talked about but never properly addressed. One such issue was the shrinkage of agriculture on the island. In the last 50 years the area dedicated to agriculture on the island had more than halved. What that meant was that many areas that in years prior had been occupied by well-watered crops (papaya, sugar cane, etc.) were occupied by dry grass. Most of the grasses that caused the problem were invasive non-native species that were more given to drying out than native species. It was indeed a perfect storm of deadly factors that had made this fire as deadly as it ended up being.

We are going to have to wait for more data to become available to draw any definitive conclusions. However, even what little we know thus fr points at massive and sunning lack of both knowledge of the factors involved and proper management of the natural and human-made risk factors. And, while Lahaina may be a barely known name to many, unless we draw proper conclusions and improve our approach to the management of our environment and out first response services we will likely continue to see more avoidable and preventable disasters.

References

Lahaina Inferno Began After Firefighters Departed a ‘Contained’ Scene
Serge F. Kovaleski and Mike Baker, The New York Times, 23 August 2023

2023 Hawaii wildfires (wiki)
Archived 23 August 2023

New "FBI-validated" Lahaina wildfire missing list has 385 names
CBS/AP, 2 September 2023

Maui’s neglected grasslands caused Lahaina fire to grow with deadly speed
Imogen Piper, Joyce Lee, Elahe Izadi and Brianna Sacks, Washington Post, 2 September 2023

As Inferno Grew, Lahaina’s Water System Collapsed
Mike Baker, Kellen Browning and Nicholas Bogel-Burroughs, The New York Times, 13 August 2023

Why the Maui Fire Is So Shocking
Henry Grabar, Slate, 11 August 2023

Author links and affiliations

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Leak exposes potential counts of Trump indictment in Fulton County, Georgia
Leaked documents indicate Trump's Georgia indictment includes bizarre and bogus counts.

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In the US, there are currently several law enforcement efforts under way seeking to indict and prosecute ex-President Donald Trump. The person in charge of one of those initiatives is Fulton County, Georgia District Attorney Fani Willis.

She had started a grand jury investigation into alleged election tampering by Trump accusing him of interfering with the 2020 Presidential Election which he ad officially lost. Trump had alleged election fraud, or inaccurate count, in Fulton County robbing him of some 11,000 votes which would have swayed the results in the state of Georgia in his favor. According to Willis, Trump applied undue pressure on the Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger and other state officials and effectively blackmailed them into "finding" votes for him that did not exist. Now whether that is true or not is open to discussion but it is indeed a fact that Mr Raffensperger himself believes there were indeed "irregularities", including several hundreds votes counted twice. Raffenberger is on record calling for firing of election officials he had believed to be responsible for that error. Note that several hundreds constitutes several percentage points of 11,000 and with the election being that close (the county has a population of only about a million people, hence 11,000 is likely about 2% of the eligible voter pool) Trump's allegation does not seem to be all that outlandish. And yes, when the election was won by only 0.23% it is hardly unreasonable to question the results, especially given that episodes of incorrect counts had indeed been discovered.

So naturally you have every right to be skeptical about either side's opinion. But does it questioning the results of this election insanity or criminality? Ms Willis believed so and launched a criminal probe. Recently, due to alleged clerical error, a draft of the grand jury indictment was uploaded to a public website belonging to the Fulton County's court system. And it turned out that it contained some rather curious counts.

Among other things, Trump was charged with the following:

  • Encouraging his followers to watch One America Network (OAN), a public media outlet.

  • Encouraging a grassroots campaign in Georgia by means of the following tweet:

“Georgia Patriot Call to Action: today is the day we need you to call your state Senate & House Reps & ask them to sign the petition for a special session. We must have free & fair elections in GA & a this is our only path to ensuring every legal vote is counted @realDonald Trump.”

  • Seeking signature verification on ballots.

Reports listed below list a longer list of similarly questionable indictment counts.

I grew up the in the Soviet Union. In that country, you could get in trouble for owning illegal literature or listening to banned radio stations. In today's US you can be indicted for recommending a news source of your liking to your audience. I am not sure if I am not back in the USSR.

I am going to claim that Trump has not broken any law while disputing the election results in Fulton County, or in the State of Georgia in general. But I will say that the presence of counts like those mentioned above is that the prosecution does not feel confident about its case at all, and likely does not have a case to speak of.

As always - do your own research, use your own brain, draw your own conclusions.

References

How Stupid Is The Georgia Anti-Trump Case? They Indicted Trump For Tweeting At People To Watch TV
Tristan Justice, The Federalist, 15 August 2023

Georgia court website posts, removes docket of potential Trump charges in 2020 election probe
Samuel Chamberlain and Ryan King, New York Post, 14 August 2023

Fani Willis (wiki)

Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger calls for firing of Fulton County election officials
Kristine Phillips, USA Today, 15 July 2021

Brad Raffensperger (wiki)

Fulton County, Georgia (wiki)

2020 United States presidential election in Georgia (wiki)

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Single typhus-ladden flea bite causes disastrous medical consequences to Texas man
Man loses limbs, nearly dies of typhus. Medical horror sties do happen, and not all of them involve COVID.

Michael_Kohlhof_nypost.pngMichael Kohlhof
Image: New York Post

Earlier his summer, Michael Kohlhof, 35 came to a San Antonio, Texas hospital with severe flu-like symptoms and loss of feeling in his toes. His condition had deteriorated rapidly and he ended up in a coma for 11 days. He also ended up losing both hands and parts of both of his feet. The cause of that turned out to be typhus caused by a flea bite.

According to the family, Mr Kohlhof, 35, had come from Houston to San Antonio to help his mother. Now his family had set up a collection campaign (linked below) to help him. He was a handyman and a pet sitter and an art aficionado. His activities centered around the use of is hands. Now his whole life has been upended in this tragedy.

This is a near perfect example of random tragedy that can happen to anyone at any time. And, while of course any normal human being would sympathize with Kohlhof and his family and friends, it is also important to maintain the right perspective. Especially in this age of medical fer mongering and hysterics.

References

Texas man loses both arms, part of his feet after a single flea bite
Katherine Donlevy, New York Post, 22 July 2023

"Miracles for Michael" GoFundMe campaign

Typhus (wiki)

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